![]() They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.Ħ According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most atientive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.ĥ The Psychodynamic Approach. One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. The sociobiological view has been attacked on numerous grounds. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.ģ An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotyp¬ical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In response to certain stim¬uli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.Ģ The Biological Approach. 1 When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior.
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